Taking Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China as an example, CLUE-S model was used to simulate its urban sprawl in 2020. An evaluation system was established based on indicators from speed, strength, morphology, social economic benefits and ecological benefits of urban sprawl. By using SOFM network, the authors zoned the region and evaluated the urban sprawl for each zone. Main conclusions include that 1) Shenzhen can be divided into four regions according to future (2020) urban sprawl, i.e. the highly urbanized zone, the developing zone, the potential zone and the ecology priority zone, and therefore reasonable adjustments of development strategy need to be made; 2) by 2020, the overall quality of urban sprawl in Shenzhen will be high according to current trend, however, problems such as the low efficiency of land use and the incoordination of social-economic and ecological benefits still exist; 3) based on CLUE-S and SOFM, combined with urban sprawl comprehensive evaluation index system, the future urban sprawl can be predicted and analyzed effectively.

The authors put forward the concept of vulnerability of ecosystem services, and carries a case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area. The changes of ecosystem services were calculated from 2001 to 2009 in this region, and radial basis function network was used to assess the potential impacts of ecosystem services to land use change and the adaptive capacity of human-beings based on the 9 training data chosen from 164 counties. The results show that the average ecosystem services value of study area has declined 184.36 yuan/ha from 2001 to 2009, and the positive potential impacts of ecosystem services to future land use change declines from southeast to northwest, and the middle shows the least; the districts near big cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan have the best adaptive capacity, which has a positive correlation with GDP; and by integrating potential impacts and adaptive capacity, the study gives the spatial pattern of the vulnerability of ecosystem services: the districts near Bohai Sea turn out to be the least vulnerable; the plain in the southeast and mountains in the northwest are worse; and the districts near Taihang Mountains in the west are the most vulnerable. Of all the residents living in this region, 92.4% range between 2 to 4 in the classification of vulnerability.

The land use of Karst areas in Southwest China changed drastically due to its fragile eco-environment properties and the disturbance from human activities. Modeling and analyzing these changes is impeded by its complex surface features and the intensive human-environment interaction. In order to solve this problem, a combined ANN-CA modeling method is used on Maotiao River Basin in Guizhou Province by the modeling results compared with the actual land use map. The results show 87.62% accuracy with confusion matrix, 57.36% with figure of merit, and all of the selected landscape indexes are similar between them, proving this method a good option for the land use change analysis in Karst and other similar areas.

The authors investigated spatio-temporal patterns of seasonality parameters of crop growing season in Northeast China, by using the SPOT/VGT NDVI ten day composed time-series data collected from 1998 to 2009. First, to minimize the effects of anomalous values caused by atmospheric haze and cloud contamination, the software TIMESAT was used to generate smooth time series of NDVI based on an asymmetric Gaussian function; second, the seasonality parameters, such as the start date, the end date, the peak date, and length of the growing season, were defined and extracted from the smoothed NVDI time-series dataset; third, each of the extracted parameters and the observed agricultural phenophases (including the stages of seedling, heading and maturity for harvest, length of growth period) were compared and validated by using a scatter plot, respectively; finally, the temporal trends and spatial patterns of the major crop seasonality parameters in Northeast China were illustrated and analyzed over the past 10 years. The results show that the growth process of major crops can be discriminated to a certain extent from the temporal trend of observed crop phenological characteristics. Obvious linear correlations can be found between the extracted seasonality parameters and the observed crop phenophases, which indicates that spatio-temporal variations of crop phenophase can be expressed in details by utilizing the extracted parameters from the smoothed NDVI time series. Meanwhile, all these grid-based crop phenophases can be used as data alternative for studying the spatio-temporal responses of crop growth process caused from fluctuation in external environmental conditions, such as air temperature, precipitation and daylight hours, etc.

The authors present an analysis of how scale issues affect a cellular automata model of land use change developed for a research area in Longhua Town, Shenzhen City. The scale dependence of the model is explored by varying the resolution of the input data in 1990 used to calibrate the model and changing the length of model simulating time. To explore the impact of these scale relationships the model is run with input datasets constructed at the following spatial resolutions: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 m for simulating land use in 1995 and 2000. Three kinds of indicator, i.e. point by point accuracy, Kappa and real change accuracy are used to assess the scale sensitivity of the model. The results show that 1) the more fine the cell sizes are, the higher the accuracy of the simulation results; 2) path dependence of the isolated cells is an important source of the spatial scale sensitivity of CA model; 3) the specific geographical process in different periods of time is an important source of the temporal sensitivity scale of CA model. The results have great significance for the scale selection of CA model.

A phase locked loop (PLL) using a free-running self-calibration technique is reported. The proposed self-calibration operation is performed during the process of the normal PLL lock period without requiring a voltage-reference block. The new scheme benefits reducing chip area. The area interrelated to calibration circuits is only 0. 0068mm². The PLL is designed and implemented using SMIC 0.13 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and the measured PLL lock-in frequency range is 25-700 MHz. The phase noise of the output clock at 87. 5 MHz is - 131 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, while the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) is at 700 MHz.

With the aid of theory of landscape ecology, analysis of traj ectories and assessment of ecosystem service, this paper takes the water body in Shenzhen as the research object, analyzing the dynamic process of water body fragment and the corresponding changes of the ecosystem service. The results show that: 1) the process of water body fragment is so clear that the shrink of water body is the main characteristic. During 2000 and 2006, rivers became segment and channelization, pond and wetland were shrinking. In addition, the processes of fragment are different between each kind of water body. 2) The endpoint of the trajectories of change of water is developed land, and the changing process from water to developed land impose the trend of fragmentation and shrinking. 3) Water fragmentation restricts the ecological service. The direct service value increases continuously, while the indirect service value decreases, which leads to the increase of the proportion of the direct service value.

By using a modified emergy-based ecological footprint model, the authors accounted and analyzed the changing processes of the per capita consumption ecological footprint and local output ecological carrying capacity in Guangdong Province from 1978 to 2006. Growth trend was found in both processes, and the growth rate of the output carrying capacity was higher than consumption ecological footprint. The authors researched the structural characteristics and trends of consumption ecological footprint and local output ecological carrying capacity accordingto the different accounts of biological resources, energy resources, industry, human resource and trade respectively. The growth of the non-biological resources consumption footprint was the most important part of the growth of total consumption, while the growth of product output carrying capacity also benefited from the second major industrial development. Extensive trade and the continuous improvement of human resources since reform and opening up policy were the major reasons for continuous improvement of carrying capacity in Guangdong Province.

To improve and optimize pattern and functions of urban ecosystem, this study tried to indicate urban ecological security pattern conceptually based on correlative studies and chose Changzhou city for a case study. Urban ecological security pattern bythe least-cost distance model was established to integrate natural environment factors and landscape pattern characteristics. Because urban area was composed of social, economic and natural systems, this study divided urban landscape into four color classes according to the various landscape pattern and functions. Hereinto, red landscape was building area that supported living, production, and other social economic activities, gray landscape included different traffic lines and communication corridors could maintain diffusion and transfer of energy, money, products andinformation. Greenlandscape was composed of forest, cropland, and grassland and blue landscape contained river and lake both could preserve biodiversity and adjust environment. Through tracing the landscape function flows, positioning the interaction points of landscape functions, and identifying the frangible area with unsuitable land use, spatial extent with potential ecological risk could be deter mined. Finally, for urban growth and sustainable development, this study put forward urban ecological security pattern to relieve and save ecological risks by setting areas and rules of different land use zones such as prohibited zone, limited area, regulated area, optimized area and potential development area.

A novel scheme for application-dependent testing of FPGAs (field_programmable gate arrays) is proposed. This scheme models a design configuration (DC) of an FPGA as a network of LUTs(look-up-tables), non-LUT logic gates, flip-flops and interconnects, and the stuck-at faults on the interconnects (SAFIs) and the functional faults on the used LUTs (FFLs) are targeted. Two alternative types of test configurations (TCs) are proposed to improve the coverage of SAFIs obtained by automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tools, while TCs under which exhaustive testing can be performed on the used LUTs are used to detect the FFLs. Experimental results show that, for the seven largest ISCAS89 benchmarks, this scheme can obtain the coverage ranging from 86.82% to 99.16% for the SAFIs, and 100% coverage for the FFLs.

A 3.1-10.6GHz ultra wideband LNA was designed using standard 0.35μm SiGe HBT process. The simulation result shows that, with careful selection of circuits structure and device parameters, it is possible to fabricate a UWB LNA using standard 0.35μm SiGe HBT process. In the designed band, the S11and S22 of the designed LNA is better than -8dB, and the S21 is about 11dB with supply voltage of 2.5V and draws a current of 4.38mA, and the noise figure of the LNA is 3.5dB.

The ecological footprint (EF) has been given much attention as an indicator for urban sustainable development over the last years. This paper applies the EF concept and calculation method to measure the ecological sustainability of Shenzhen City in 2000. An overall average EF of Shenzhen is calculated, using food, energy and chemical products consumption items in terms of the land area respectively required. Imports and exports data are considered during the calculation. The EF of Shenzhen City at 2.0227 hm² dramatically overshoots its ecological capacity of 0.0477 hm², it can be concluded that Shenzhen City is in "ecological deficit", in the sense that it is using more biologically productive land than that available within its borders and it highly dependents upon external ecosystems for its food, material, energy resources and waste assimilation. The ecological deficit of Shenzhen City is due to dramatically changed regional landscape, leading to a conclusion that the EF of Special Zone is higher than other areas in Shenzhen. The EF of Shenzhen is also compared with those of several other Chinese cities, showing that the former is lower than Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao. The paper also comments on various methodological issues that have arisen in the calculation of Ecological Footprints. Finally, the policy improvements responding to the EF measure are suggested: controlling population through improving industry pattern, reducing consumption level and increasing ecological capacity.

Based on research progress on economic value of ecosystem services, taking Shenzhen for instance, the authors analyze the functions of ecosystem services such as conditioning climate, fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, preserving soil, keeping waterhead, purifying environment, and restraining noises. Economic values of all the six kinds of ecological service functions are calculated. The results show that ecosystems in Shenzhen provide enormous ecological economic benefits with the total value of RMB 126292000000, which corresponds with the RMB 166524000000 of GDP of Shenzhen in 2000. Meanwhile, the importance of different ecosystem services in urban areas is different. The function of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen is the most important, the function of conditioning climate is the second, and the functions of keeping waterhead, preserving soil, purifying environment, and restraining noises are the last important. As for the case study in Shenzhen, the functions of purifying environment and restraining noises are in great need of protection in urban landscape management and ecological construction.

The spatial data interpolation in geosciences is mostly in two-dimensional space. With three-dimensional environment the three-dimensional spatial data interpolation is possible. Most of ore body grade was calculated by hand, but in 3D visualization environment it can be calculated quickly and precisely. This method includes three parts. The first is that the three surface model is built with visualization technology. The geology body is simulated correctly and its shape is easy to analyze. The second is that the body is disassembled using block model. The inner of ore can be modeled by block model. The third is that inverse distance and Kriging methods are used in spatial data interpolation. The result from example researching shows that the spatial data interpolation methods in 3D environment are reasonable. The tonnage and metal reserve can be calculated.

Sustainable land use is always the research topic of land science and related disciplines. In this paper, we make research on sustainable land use under the guide of newly landscape ecology. It is a beneficial attempt to extend the research scope on sustainable land use. Based on the analysis of the relations hip between land, landscape and landscape ecology, we make a new annotation of the connotation of sustainable land use according to such landscape ecology theories as structure and function, ecological holism and spatial heterogeneity, hierarchy and scale, and landscape change and stability.

Sustainable land use is always the research topic of land science and related disciplines. In this paper, we make research on sustainable land use under the guide of newly landscape ecology. It is a beneficial attempt to extend the research scope on sustainable land use. Based on the analysis of the relations hip between land, landscape and landscape ecology, we make a new annotation of the connotation of sustainable land use according to such landscape ecology theories as structure and function, ecological holism and spatial heterogeneity, hierarchy and scale, and landscape change and stability.

Landscape diversity reflects the integrated physical characters of rural area to some extent, while industrial structure reflects its social economic characters. Therefore the interrelated analysis between them will couple the physical environmental and social economic characters in the rural area, which is o f great importance to the integrated development in rural area. After expounding the key concepts and theories of landscape diversity and rural industrial structure, the interrelated analysis between them is emphasized on. It comes to conclusions that there are some direct correlations between them, and they progress synchronization in the course of historical progress. In addition, in the perspective of rural sustainable development, landscape diversity protection is consistent with the adjustment of rural industrial structure, and some probable methods for them are given.

Sustainable tourism development of regional culture landscapes, not only comprises one important area of culture landscapes studies, but also is vital to realize tourism sustainability. The essence of sustainable tourism development of regional culture landscapes is constructing spatial heterogeneity and dynamically improving its function of landscape system. With the case study of Shaoxing City, the authors apply the theories and methods of lands cape ecology to sustainable tourism development of Shaoxing culture landscapes. There are three main aspects emphasized: to conserve and reasonably develop unit culture landscape; to construct spatial heterogeneity and improve its function; and to put forward suggestions for macro-ecological management of Shaoxing culture landscapes.

An analytical MOSFET threshold voltage shift model due to radiation in the low-dose range has been developed for circuit simulations. Experimental data in the literature shows that the model predictions are in good agreement. It is simple in functional form and hence computationally efficient. It can be used as a basic circuit simulation tool for analysing MOSFET exposed to a nuclear environment up to about 1Mrad(Si). In accordance with common believe, radiation induced absolute change of threshold voltage was found to be larger in irradiated PMOS devices. However, if the radiation sensitivity is defined in the way we did it, the results indicated NMOS rather than PMOS devices are more sensitive, especially at low doses. This is important from the standpoint of their possible application in dosimetry.

In the present study, we develop an efficient method to be used to examine recombination efficiency of transgenic plantlet. Two constructs,one containing Cre recombinase under the control of 35S promoter (p35S/Cre) and the other containing a uidA gene driven by 35S promoter flanked by loxP site (loxP/35S/GUS/loxP), were simultaneously introduced into tobacco by cotransformation method. The results show that Cre-loxP system can precisely and efficiently direct deletion of transgene based on Gus assay, PCR analysis and sequence of recombination DNA fragment, but also find that incomplete deletion exist in partial plant.

On the base of discussing about recent exploit and research progress on Shoaly Land, the authors put forward the frame of the research on Shoaly Land, in which the research on Shoaly Land is divided into two levels: basic research and application research. Basic research includes the researches on basic conception, continuous evolution, and exploitation theories of Shoaly Land. And application research can be divided into three parts: social research, economic research, and ecological research. In the end, it is brought forward that some items should be researched first, such as the research on conception, statistics unit, constant inspection, law control, management system, public participation, industry policy, resource evaluation, and environmental impact assessment of Shoaly Land exploitation.

A new analytical model for SOI MOSFET with floating-body-effect(FBE) is developed to described the SOI MOSFET's strong inversion current characteristics. Considering all current components, the model can explain the physical mechanism of the current kink and breakdown phenomena as well as the dependence of I-V characteristics on various bias and channel length successfully. Based on this model, the dependence of FBE on several device parameters is studied. The results show that lowing source/drain doping, decreasing minority-carrier life time, optimizing the silicon film thickness and reducing channel doping will effectively suppress the FBE with much improved breakdown voltage characteristics. The experiments corresponding to the suppression of FBE with LDD&LDS structure and channel defect engineering, etc., demonstrate the calculated analysis, thereby enabling the theoretical result's realization in CMOS/SOI technology.

Presented a very high speed ECL shift register circuit, the structure of poly-Si emitter NPN bipolar device is given and the key technologies such as salicide contact, deep trench isolation, shallow junction and thin base formation are described. Using this advanced Si bipolar technology, the average gate delay less than 50ps is achieved for 19-stage ring oscillator with 3 μm feature size. The circuit and layout design for 600-gate are introduced. The influences of interconnection material and line length on the operating frequency of 600-gate and 800-gate are disscussed in detail.